阅读理解。 Thepracticeofstudentsendlesslycopyinglettersandsentencesfromablackboardisathingofthe

past.Withthecomingofnewtechnologieslikecomputersandsmartphonewritingbyhandhasbecome

somethingofnostalgic(怀旧的)skill.Howeverwhiletoday'seducatorsareusingmoreandmore

technologyintheirteachingmanybelievebasichandwritingskillsarestillnecessaryforstudentstobe

successful-bothinschoolandinlife.

VirginiaBerningerprofessorofeducationalpsychologyattheUniversityofWashingtonsaysit's

importanttocontinueteachinghandwritingandhelpchildrenacquiretheskillofwritingbyhand.

Berningerandhercolleaguesconductedastudythatlookedattheabilityofstudentstocompletevarious

writingtasks-bothonacomputerandbyhand.Thestudypublishedin2009foundthatwhenwriting

withapenandpaperparticipantswrotelongeressaysandmorecompletesentencesandhadafaster

wordproductionrate.

InamorerecentstudyBerningerlookedatwhatrolespellingplaysinastudent'swritingskillsand

foundthathowwellchildrenspellistiedtoknowwelltheycanwrite."Spellingmakessomeofthe

thinkingpartsofthebrainactivewhichhelpsusaccessourvocabularywordmeaningandconcepts.Itis

allowingourwrittenlanguagetoconnectwithideas."Berningersaid.

Spellinghelpsstudentstranslateideasintowordsintheirmindfirstandthentotranscribe(转换)"thosewordsinthemindwrittensymbolsonpaperorkeyboardandscreen"thestudysaid.Seeingthewords

inthe"mind'seye"helpschildrennotonlytoturntheirideasintowordssaysBerningerbutalsoto

spot(发现)spellingmistakeswhentheywritethewordsdownandtocorrectthenovertime.

"Inourcomputeragesomepeoplebelievethatwedon'thavetoteachspellingbecausewehavespell

checks"shesaid."Butuntilachildhasafunctionalspellingabilityofaboutafifthgradeleveltheywon't

havetheknowledgetochoosethecorrectspellingamongtheoptionsgivenbythecomputer."1.Whatmakeswritingbyhandathingofthepast?A.Theabs