ThecultureofChinaishometooneoftheworld'soldestandmostcomplexcivilizations,Chinaboastsahistoryrichinover5,000yearsofartistic,philosophical,andpoliticaladvancement.Thoughregionaldifferencesprovideasenseofdiversity,commonalitiesinlanguageandreligionconnectaculturedistinguishedbysuchuniversallysignificantcontributionssuchasConfucianismandTaoism.ThecultureofChinaiscreditedwithshapingmuchofChinesethought,ConfucianismwastheofficialphilosophythroughoutmostofImperialChina'shistory,andmasteryofConfuciantextsprovidedtheprimarycriterionforentryintotheimperialbureaucracy.
WiththeriseofWesterneconomicandmilitarypoweroverChinabeginninginthemid-19thcentury,however,non-ChinesesystemsofsocialandpoliticalorganizationgainedadherentsinChina.Someofthesewould-bereformerstotallyrejectedChina'sculturallegacy,whileotherssoughttocombinethestrengthsofChineseandWesterncultures.Inessence,thehistoryof20thcenturyChinaisoneofexperimentationtofindanewsystemofsocial,political,andeconomicorganizationthatwouldallowforthereintegrationofthenationinthewakeofdynasticcollapse.
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