Carbonisanonmetallicelement,locatedintheperiodictableofthesecondcycleofIVAfamily.LatinforCarbonium,meaning"coal,charcoal."Chinesecharacters"carbon"elementofthewordfromthecyclicalnatureofcharcoal,"carbon"wordplusthewordnexttothestonestructure,fromthe"carbon"pronunciation.Carbonisaverycommonelement,itiswidespreadinmanyformsintheatmosphereandtheearth'scrustinto.Elementalcarbonhaslongbeenrecognizedandutilized,aseriesofcarboncompounds-organicmatterisessentialforlife.Carbonispigiron,wroughtironandsteeloneoftheingredients.Carboncanbechemicallycombinedtoformalargenumberofself-compounds,biologicallyandcommerciallyimportantmolecules.Vivomostofthemoleculescontaincarbon[1]element.Carboncompoundsingeneralobtainedfromfossilfuels,andthenisolatedandfurthersynthesizedavarietyofproductsneededforproductionanddailylife,suchasethylene,plasticsandsoon.Theexistenceofmanyformsofcarbon,therearesingle-crystallinenatureofcarbon,suchasdiamond,graphite;whetheramorphouscarbonsuchascoal;acomplexorganiccompounds,suchasplantsandanimals,etc.;carbonate,suchasmarble.Onequalityofthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofcarbondependsonitscrystalstructure.Highhardnessofdiamondandsoftcreamygraphitecrystalstructureisdifferent,eachhavetheirownappearance,density,meltingpointandsoon.Roomtemperature,thechemicalpropertiesofasinglemassofcarbonisnotlively,notsolubleinwater,diluteacid,dilutealkaliandorganicsolvents;differentreactionsunderhightemperatureandoxygentoproducecarbondioxideorcarbonmonoxide;inhalogenonlyfluoridewithadirectresponsetoasinglemassofcarbon;inthenextheatsinglemassofcarbonbeeasiertoacidoxidation;atahightemperature,carboncanalsoworkwithmanymetalsthereactionofmetalcarbides.Carbonhasareductive,metalsmeltingathightemperaturesmaybe.Chemicalsymbol:CElementAtomicWeight:12.01Useofproton:6AtomicNumber:6Cycle:2Family:IVAElectronshelldistribution:2-4Atomicvolume:4.58cubiccentimeters/moleAtomicradius(calculated):70(67)pmCovalentradius:77pmVanderWaalsradius:170pmElectronconfiguration:1s22s22p2Electronicenergylevelsineachrowofcloth:2,4OxidationPrice(oxide):4,3,2(weakacid)Colorandappearance:black(graphite),colorless(diamond)Stateofmatter:solid-statePhysicalProperties:Anti-MagneticMeltingpoint:about3550℃(diamond)Boilingpoint:about4827℃(sublimation)Molarvolume:5.29×10-6m3/molThecontentofelementsinthesun:(ppm)3000Thecontentofelementsinseawater:(ppm)thesurfaceofthePacificOcean23ContentofelementsintheEarth'scrust:(ppm)4800Mohshardness:1-2graphite,diamond10Oxidationstate:mainly-4,,C+2,C+4(thereareotheroxidationstate)Bondcanbe:(kJ/mol)CH411CC348C=C614C≡C839C=N615C≡N891C=O745C≡O1074Unitcellparameters:a=246.4pmb=246.4pmc=671.1pmα=90°β=90°γ=120°Ionizationenergy:(kJ/mol)M-M+1086.2M+-M2+2352M2+-M3+4620M3+-M4+6222M4+-M5+37827M5+-M6+47270SingleQualityDensity:3.513g/cm3(diamond),2.260g/cm3(graphite,20℃)Electronegativity:2.55(Paulingscale)Specificheat:710J/(kg·K)Conductivity:0.061×10-6/(mohm)Thermalconductivity:129W/(m·K)firstionizationenergy1086.5kJ/mol2ndionizationenergy2352.6kJ/mol3rdionizationenergy4620.