英语翻译
Asthehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded,twomaingroupsofscientistshaveemerged.Oneisthepurescientist;theother,theappliedscientist.
Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofnaturethatgoverenourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopracticalproblems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheother,however,forthetwogroupsareverymuchrelated.
Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindsthe"problems“forthetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let'stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloyswhichperformsatisfactorilyinacarcannotbeusedinajet-propelledplane.Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheelinaturbojetmustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershadtoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.
Dividingscientistsintotwogroups-pureandapplied-isonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientistsspecializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentoftheothers.Manynewspecialties-geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample-haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.
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