英语基本句型有五个:S+V,S+V+Cs,S+V+O,S+V+Oi+Od,S+V+Od+Co,其共有特征是主谓结构(S+V).
句子成分主要有四种:主语S、谓语动词V、补语(主语补语Cs,宾语补语Co)和宾语(直接宾语Od,间接宾语Oi).
●Pattern1(S+V)
1.此句型中,“V”是不及物动词,后面无宾语,如:
Myrightarmhurts.
但通常有后续成分或称状语(A),即S+V+A,如:
Shelivedhappily.
Thesunriseseverymorning.
2.在有些句子中,主语或谓语或某一部分可省略,如:
(I)Hopetoseeyouagainsoon.(省略主语)
Whocalled?Jane(did).(省略谓语)
●Pattern2(S+V+Cs)
1.此句型的“V”是连系动词,“Cs”是主语补语,或称表语.充当主语补语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词V-ing形式或V-ed形式、不定式及名词性从句等,如:
MyfirstnameisBill.
Lifeiscolorful.
Seeingisbelieving.
Ourbeliefisthatthingswillimprove.
2.常见的连系动词有下列几类:
a.表示“判断”:be;
b.表示“变得”、“成为”:become,come,go,fall,get,grow,prove,turn等;
c.表示“保持着某一状态”:hold,keep,lie,remain,rest,sit,stay等;
d.表示“看起来”、“好像”:appear,look,seem等;
e.表示“实感”:feel,sound,taste,smell等.
e.g.SheisateacherandIamadoctor.
Springcomesandalltreesturngreen.
Hestayedawakeallnight.
Youdon’tlookhappy,what'sthematter?
Theirplansoundswonderful.
●Pattern3(S+V+O)
1.“V”是及物动词,后面需跟一个宾语,可充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、V-ing结构及名词性从句等,如:
Iunderstandtheprogram.
Sheaskedtoseethemanager.
Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.
Hesaidthathewouldcallmetomorrow.
2.这种结构有时必须跟状语,意义才完整(即S+V+O+A),如:
Weacceptedtheiradviceinbuyinganewcar.
Shecompletedtheassignmentjustasthebellwasringing.
Wedon’ttrusthimbecauseheoftenlies.
Youmakeapromiseonlywhenyouknowyoucankeepit.
●Pattern4(S+V+Oi+Od)
1.此句型的“V”称为双宾及物动词,其后需跟间接宾语“Oi”(通常指人)和直接宾语“Od”(通常指物或事).
2.此类动词大都具有给与的意义,常见的有allow,assign,award,bring,buy,cause,choose,fetch,find,get,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,post,promise,read,recommend,refuse,render,return,sell,send,show,sing,take,telephone,touch,tell,throw,wish,write等,如:
Igavehimthebook.
I’llreturnyouthedictionarysoon.
3.有时间接宾语可移至直接宾语之后,但要加相应的介词如“to”,“for”,“of”等,试比较:
Bettygaveherdaughteranapple.
→Bettygaveanappletoherdaughter.
Fatherboughthimabike.
→Fatherboughtabikeforhim.
Heaskedmeaquestion.
→Heaskedaquestionofme.
●Pattern5(S+V+Od+Co)
该句型中,谓语动词虽有宾语,但句子意义仍不完整,需加补语“Co”补足其意义.充当宾语补语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语及分词等,如:
Wecallhimafool.
Wefoundthehouseempty.
Ourneighborsbuilttheirwallhigh.
Webelieveyoutobeanhonestman.
Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.
常用的这类动词有:
appoint,believe,call,catch,choose,consider,declare,elect,fancy,feel,find,hear,imagine,judge,keep,know,leave,make,name,need,prefer,prove,see,select,suppose,think,vote等.
NounClause(名词从句)
名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语等从句.它们可以由下列连词引导:从属连词that,whether,if;连接代词who(ever),whom,whose,what(ever),which(ever);连接副词when,where,why,how,howmuch/many/long/often等.
●主语从句在句中作主语
Thatmath
